More and more often and with an increased emphasis we think of the machines as rivals or even as enemies. This is due to a number of reasons, including the continued growth capacity of machines to replace people in their work and the consequent fear that this implies.

Yes, the machines can replace us in our work is true and will be more and more in the future, but, in my opinion, we must see all this as an enormous opportunity for man to increase his potential, especially at the creative level and enter a new phase of synergy between men and machines.

Artificial Intelligence (Machine Learning and Deep Learning) is used in many contexts, not only in industry but also in advertising, customer care and healthcare. In the latter, the signs of progress are truly incredible and promise a huge leap in quality in the diagnosis and management of therapies.

Continuing to think with the “man vs machine” mentality is wrong because there is a lot to gain from embracing these technologies, especially to focus more on our creative and human capabilities. In fact, while on the one hand there are more and more activities that machines are able to do better than humans, there are others where they can support the greatest human capacity, namely creativity and intuition

Pattern recognition and more space for human insights

Machines can process millions of raw or structured data, images and videos in a very short time. They can identify contexts and correlate elements with results that we can define as surprising. However effective these data may be, we cannot call them experts. In fact, although machines have an immense capacity, we cannot consider the results in the same way as those obtained by a human expert.

For example, in the diagnosis of diseases through the analysis of images of an MRI scan or a CAT scan, the results obtained in a few seconds are mainly of support to the doctor and not as a replacement. This machine work leaves more room for the physician to focus on activities based on human experience, relationships and intuitions.

Diagnostic paths in ophthalmology

A recent Google Research project, for example, used over 120,000 retinal images to train a neural network to detect diabetic retinopathy (DR), a major cause of blindness, and diabetic macular edema (DME). The capacity of the machine is close to the performance of ophthalmologists.

In this project, the algorithm reached a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 93%. This is comparable to the ability of a specialist doctor and the analysis can be performed anywhere. The results will then be analysed by an ophthalmologist to confirm the diagnosis and prescribe a treatment.

Precision medicine and genetics

A new field for the application of machines is certainly genomics. Thanks to these machines, the entire genome can be sequenced quickly, identifying specific patterns within a huge amount of data.

Thanks to this processing power and the ability to recognize certain patterns, it is possible to make predictions, with a high probability, on patients who will develop a given pathology. Thanks to these skills, it is also possible to identify genetic treatments that will be adapted to the individual.

Machines will unleash our creativity like never before

As we have observed, the machines are able to learn and be engaged in a variety of activities. We have observed that they are immensely more performing than humans and we have also observed that they are not able to replace the human experience and especially his creative ability based on intuition and emotion.

So let’s let technology continue its growth and stop considering it as a rival to humans. Instead, we have to embrace the idea that machines are excellent partners and that they can help us to accelerate our human capabilities and allow us to explore them more than in any other period.

Please tell us about your background and what your role entails.

My role, as the Head of Science Policy at the ABPI, involves working on issues which affect our member companies in the early stages of the drug development process – so this includes basic research in the laboratory, research with animals, phase 1 clinical trials using experimental medicines – and ensuring the UK remains an attractive place to research and develop new medicines.

Prior to working at the ABPI, I worked in the Policy & Knowledge team at Prostate Cancer UK for over four years and, before that, I was working in the labs at King’s College London for my PhD in immunology of asthma and allergy.

The ABPI recently produced a VR-based experience showing breakthrough medicine. Why did you choose this format?

Our virtual reality (VR) film ‘Welcome to the Future of Medicine’, which we launched at our Annual Conference in April, uses a mix of computer-generated imagery and live action laboratory footage from a working diagnostics lab to take the user on a 360-degree journey into the world of breakthrough medicine, going inside the body to explore how the technologies being researched today may transform the treatments of tomorrow. The use of VR brings this vision to life and explains complex science in an easy and understandable way.

What are you hoping to achieve with it?

We made the film with Inition to show what ground-breaking medicines and treatments are on the horizon in the next 20 years. We wanted to bring to life some complex science and help people understand what the new therapies and innovations will be in the future. This film is an excellent vehicle to show what the experience could be like for patients, their families and health care professionals. It is a great place to start conversations about how we work together to make the most of these amazing opportunities, as well as looking at the challenges of how we get there. We had a positive reaction from our members when we premiered the film at our conference and we will be showing it at other external events over the next 12 months. It is also good content for our work with schools and universities.

Please describe some of the ground-breaking science that could one day become routine in healthcare.

Healthcare is seeing significant change right now and this is predicted to continue over the next 20-30 years. The key drivers include changing demographics and disease prevalence, changes in how healthcare is provided and advances in scientific understanding. The film features several ground-breaking discoveries that are being investigated around the world, and which have the potential to one day be used in routine care:
– Gene editing and gene therapies: Gene therapy aims to repair the direct cause of genetic disease by cutting out faulty sections of DNA and replacing them with slices of genetic material. Researchers are already looking at using it to treat Haemophilia B and investigating its potential to tackle other diseases, like cancer and infections.
– Inhalable diagnostic sensors in the body: US researchers are investigating the potential of carbon nanosensors that are 100,000 times smaller than a strand of hair to identify infection and inflammation in hip-implant patients and people with catheters. They have the potential to be used to monitor for disease and alert clinicians.
– 3D printing of medicine patches: UK scientists are currently developing and testing 3D-printed patches from various polymer grades that could allow controlled release of medicine into the body, making medicines more clinically effective.

What most excites you about the future of healthcare?

The power of patient data and their potential to be used to personalise care.

The drive towards patient-centric care will be partly due to the availability of personalised medicine

The sophistication with which this will be possible in the future, thanks to technology, is unprecedented. If information within the healthcare system, currently stored in multiple disparate databases, can be linked and combined with genomic information, then tools such as machine learning and artificial intelligence will have a huge impact in allowing healthcare professionals to be able to identify the exact treatment or combination of treatments for an individual patient. […]

What role do you see for the pharma industry in this brave new world?

I think it will be about partnership working. New science is so complex that no one organisation can hold all the knowledge to make the next generation of medicines, so progress will very much depend on partnership working. Partnerships between academia, the pharma industry, research charities and the NHS will enable patients to live longer, healthier and more productive lives. There are already good examples in the UK and we need to build on these. […]

How is the ABPI evolving to help members manage the changing environment the industry faces?

Our key role is to work with people from different organisations to collectively understand the challenges and opportunities for science and health. We need to work with our members, government, the NHS, charities, academia and many others.

The obvious challenge facing our industry currently is Brexit

Brexit poses an uncertain future for the pharmaceutical regulatory environment with a potential impact on access to treatments for patients living in the UK and in the EU. Every month, 45 million packs of medicine move from the UK to the EU, with 37 million moving the other way. Securing cooperation on the regulation, trade and supply of medicines must be a priority for both the UK Government and the EU. The ABPI is working hard to ensure that the issues facing our members are understood and acted upon wherever possible.
We’re also working with the Brexit Health Alliance, comprising of the NHS, medical research, industry, patients, and public health organisations, to ensure that issues such as healthcare research, access to technologies and treatment of patients are given the prominence and attention they deserve in the Brexit negotiations, such as regulatory alignment and a strong funding commitment to the health and public health sectors.

Aside from Brexit, investment will be needed in an integrated, digital, patient-centric system, which supports patients from prevention, through diagnosis and personalised treatment, using new technologies and treatments as they become available. This will have to be underpinned by adequate development of workforces to provide future healthcare.[…]